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Advanced live coding scala tutorial

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                    //
                    
                        =================================================================================
                    
                    //
                    = Advanced live coding scala tutorial given on HaL6 (6th Haskell in Leipzig
                        Workshop)
                    
                    //
                    =
                    
                    //
                    = 7th Oct 2011 in Leipzig
                    
                    //
                    = Alf Richter, iba Consulting Gesellschaft mbH&Co.KG, Leipzig
                    
                    //
                    = Duration: more than 90 min
                    
                    //
                    
                        =================================================================================
                    
                    //
                    -- CONTENTS
                    
                    //
                    = FUNCTIONS & COLLECTIONS
                    
                    //
                    -- val / var = immutable / mutable reference
                    
                    //
                    -- function syntax/convention
                    
                    //
                    -- anonymous function
                    
                    //
                    -- collections (default: immutable collections)
                    
                    //
                    -- for comprehension
                    

                    //
                    = CLASSES & OBJECTS
                    
                    //
                    -- class definition and instances of a class
                    
                    //
                    -- companion object
                    
                    //
                    -- getter/setter
                    
                    //
                    -- override getter/setter
                    
                    //
                    -- equality of objects
                    

                    //
                    = CASE CLASSES, MATCHING and TRAITS
                    
                    //
                    -- case class and structural matching
                    
                    //
                    -- match by structure
                    
                    //
                    -- extractors
                    
                    //
                    -- sealed case class
                    
                    //
                    -- traits
                    

                    //
                    = ADVANCED TOPICS and STANDARD API EXAMPLES
                    
                    //
                    -- implicit parameters
                    
                    //
                    -- regexp
                    
                    //
                    -- xml
                    
                    //
                    -- process api (>= 2.9)
                    
                    //
                    -- implement a cd command using implicit tricks
                    

                    //
                    = TYPES, PACKAGES and VISIBILITY
                    
                    //
                    -- type hierarchy
                    
                    //
                    -- packages definition and imports
                    
                    //
                    -- Predef & default imports
                    
                    //
                    -- visibility
                    

                    //
                    = COMPILING and BUILDTOOL
                    
                    //
                    -- Hello World and compiling
                    
                    //
                    -- SBT - Simple Build Tool (version >= 0.10)
                    
                    //
                    
                        =================================================================================
                    
                    //
                    -- Let's start
                    
                    //
                    - to run this you need scala in version >= 2.9
                    
                    //
                    - with $ prefix: input in shell
                    
                    //
                    - without prefix: input in scala interpreter
                    
                    //
                    - CTRL-D : input a keyboard shortcut
                    
                    //
                    - start the scala interpeter
                    
                    $ scala
                    //
                    - copy and paste the following examples into the scala interpreter
                    
                    //
                    
                        =================================================================================
                    
                    //
                    = FUNCTIONS & COLLECTIONS
                    
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- val / var = immutable/mutable reference
                    
                    val
                    x
                    = 10
                    //
                    val stands for value (immutable reference)
                    
                    x = 11
                    //
                    error
                    
                    var
                    y
                    = 2
                    //
                    var stands for variable (mutable reference)
                    
                    y = 12
                    //
                    ok
                    
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- function syntax/convention
                    
                    //
                    - with side effects def f(x:Int){ ... }
                    
                    def
                    printInt
                    (
                    y
                    :
                    
                    Int
                    ) { println(y) }
                    //
                    - without side effects def f(x:Int) : Int = { ... }
                    
                    def
                    plusTwo
                    (
                    y
                    :
                    
                    Int
                    ) = y + 2
                    //
                    -- anonymous function
                    
                    //
                    - standard form is
                    
                    //
                    - (x : Int) => x + 1
                    
                    //
                    - functions are values / objects
                    
                    val
                    f
                    = (x : Int) => x + 1
                    val
                    g
                    = () => 42
                    //
                    function without parameters
                    

                    //
                    -- form with positional parameter
                    
                    //
                    - define two helper functions
                    
                    def
                    f1
                    (
                    f
                    :
                    Int => Int
                    ) = f
                    def
                    f2
                    (
                    f
                    :
                    (Int,Int) => Int
                    ) = f

                    f1(_ + 1)
                    //
                    (x : Int) => x + 1
                    
                    f1(_ + 1)(2) == 3

                    f2(_ + _)
                    //
                    (x : Int, y : Int) => x + y
                    
                    f2(_ + _)(2,3) == 5
                    //
                    - functions with empty parameter list can be called without brackets
                    
                    def
                    printHello
                    () :
                    Unit
                    = println(
                    "Hello"
                    )
                    printHello()
                    printHello
                    //
                    - class/object member functions can be applied without brackets or point
                    
                    //
                    - suffix notation
                    
                    1.toDouble
                    //
                    the method call to the instance 1 of Int class can be written as
                    
                    1 toDouble
                    //
                    - infix notation
                    
                    1.+(2) == 1 + 2
                    //
                    calling method + on instance 1 of Int class
                    
                    (
                    1
                    ::
                    2
                    ::
                    Nil
                    )
                    map
                    (
                    x
                    => x+2 ) == 3 :: 4 :: Nil
                    //
                    class List has a method ::
                    
                    //
                    - Note: method ending with colon : , e.g. :: , ::: , +: are right-associative
                    
                    Nil.::(4).::(3) == 3 :: 4 :: Nil
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- Collections (default: immutable collections)
                    
                    //
                    - From a list produce a list of Duplicate Entries
                    
                    List(
                    "haskell"
                    ,
                    "scala"
                    ,
                    "haskell"
                    ,
                    "cal"
                    ). groupBy(x=>x).
                    filter(_._2.size > 1).
                    map(_._1) == List(
                    "haskell"
                    )
                    //
                    - Two ways to construct a map,
                    
                    //
                    - Map() is definied as immutable map in Predef package (see below)
                    
                    Map(
                    "eins"
                    -> 1,
                    "zwei"
                    -> 2)
                    val
                    m
                    = Map() + (
                    "eins"
                    -> 1) + (
                    "zwei"
                    -> 2)

                    m get
                    "zwei"
                    == 2
                    //
                    == m.get("zwei")
                    
                    m get
                    "drei"
                    //
                    error
                    
                    m.getOrElse(
                    "drei"
                    ,0) == 0
                    //
                    - convert and format the map to string
                    
                    m.mkString(
                    "["
                    ,
                    " , "
                    ,
                    "]"
                    )
                    m.mkString(
                    "\n"
                    )
                    //
                    -- for comprehension
                    
                    //
                    - range generator
                    
                    1.to(4)
                    //
                    == Range(1,2,3,4)
                    
                    0 to 4 by 2
                    //
                    == Range(0, 2, 4)
                    
                    //
                    - calling actions like foreach return type : Unit
                    
                    for
                    (i <- 1 to 10) println(i)
                    //
                    - produce a result sequence (combine map, filter ...) : Seq[T]
                    
                    for
                    ( i <- 1 to 10 ; j <- i to 10 ;
                    if
                    i % 2 == 0 )
                    yield
                    (i,j,i*j)
                    for
                    ( (x,y) <- (10 to 4 by -2).zipWithIndex)
                    yield
                    (x,y)
                    //
                    
                        =================================================================================
                    
                    //
                    = CLASSES & OBJECTS
                    
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- class definition and instances of a class
                    
                    //
                    - simple class
                    
                    class
                    Foo
                    new
                    Foo()
                    //
                    or
                    
                    new
                    Foo
                    //
                    - class with one member and one default constructor
                    
                    class
                    Foo
                    {
                    var
                    x
                    = 1 }
                    new
                    Foo().x == 1
                    //
                    or
                    
                    new
                    Foo.x == 1
                    //
                    - normal class with constructor
                    
                    class
                    Foo
                    (
                    x
                    :
                    Int
                    )
                    //
                    no member x!
                    
                    //
                    - members are public by default
                    
                    class
                    Foo
                    (
                    x1
                    :
                    Int
                    ) {
                    val
                    x
                    = x1 }
                    //
                    - short hand for the previous
                    
                    class
                    Foo
                    (
                    val
                    x
                    :
                    Int
                    )
                    //
                    member Foo.x
                    
                    new
                    Foo(1).x == 1
                    class
                    Point
                    (
                    val
                    x
                    :
                    Int
                    ,
                    val
                    y
                    :
                    Int
                    ){
                    println(
                    "constructing a point"
                    )
                    //
                    called in primary constructor!
                    
                    def
                    this
                    () =
                    this
                    (0,0)
                    //
                    must call primary constructor
                    
                    def
                    this
                    (
                    xy
                    :
                    Int
                    ) =
                    this
                    (xy,xy)
                    override
                    def
                    toString
                    =
                    "Point("
                    + x +
                    ", "
                    + y +
                    ")"
                    }
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- companion object
                    
                    //
                    - contains member function/values which are the same for all instances (java:
                        static)
                    
                    //
                    class and companion object have to be on one line/input sequence in scala
                        interpreter
                    
                    //
                    or definied in one scala file
                    
                    class
                    Foo
                    (
                    val
                    x
                    :
                    Int
                    ) ;
                    object
                    Foo
                    {
                    def
                    apply
                    (
                    x
                    :
                    Int
                    ) =
                    new
                    Foo(x) }
                    //
                    - Factory methods
                    
                    Foo(1).x == 1
                    //
                    no 'new' needed, short cut for Foo.apply(1)
                    

                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- getter/setter
                    
                    //
                    only getter
                    
                    class
                    Foo
                    (
                    val
                    x
                    :
                    Int
                    )
                    val
                    f
                    =
                    new
                    Foo(1)
                    f.x
                    //
                    prints 1
                    
                    f.x = 2
                    //
                    error
                    
                    //
                    getter and setter
                    
                    class
                    Foo
                    (
                    var
                    x
                    :
                    Int
                    )
                    val
                    f
                    =
                    new
                    Foo(1)
                    f.x == 1
                    f.x = 2
                    //
                    assignment to member Foo.x
                    
                    f.x == 2
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- override getter/setter
                    
                    class
                    Foo
                    {
                    val
                    x
                    :
                    Int
                    = 0 }
                    //
                    - getter
                    
                    class
                    Foo
                    {
                    private
                    [
                    this
                    ]
                    val
                    _x
                    :
                    Int
                    = 0;
                    //
                    private field, [this] means instance private
                    
                    def
                    x
                    = { println(
                    "getter called"
                    ) ; _x }
                    }

                    (
                    new
                    Foo).x
                    //
                    - setter, x_= is a function name (!!), you must write a getter function here
                    
                    class
                    Foo
                    {
                    private
                    [
                    this
                    ]
                    var
                    _x
                    :
                    Int
                    = 0;
                    def
                    x
                    = _x ;
                    def
                    x_
                    = (x : Int) : Unit = { println(
                    "setting x= "
                    + x) ; _x = x }
                    }

                    (
                    new
                    Foo).x = 100
                    //
                    -- equality of objects
                    
                    //
                    - == / != checks for value equality and not for reference equality
                    
                    //
                    - implement equals AND hashcode for own types based on class members
                    
                    //
                    - reference equality check with AnyRef.eq or AnyRef.ne
                    
                    //
                    
                        =================================================================================
                    
                    //
                    = CASE CLASSES, MATCHING and TRAITS
                    
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- case class and structural matching
                    
                    //
                    - case class vs class
                    
                    //
                    - Pattern matching,
                    
                    //
                    - Construction of instances without using the new keyword,
                    
                    //
                    - Constructor arguments are accessible from outside (as val)
                    
                    //
                    - toString method prints name and values of arguments,
                    
                    //
                    - equals method compare two instances of the same case class structurally
                        rather than by identity.
                    
                    //
                    - hashCode method using the hashCodes of constructor arguments.
                    
                    //
                    -- desugared example, to show generated methods
                    
                    $ cat > Foo.scala
                    case
                    class
                    Foo
                    (
                    x
                    :
                    Int
                    )

                    CTRL-D
                    //
                    - remove syntactic sugar with scalac -print
                    
                    $ scalac -print Foo.scala
                    //
                    - compile and display class and object definition as seen from scala
                    
                    $ scalac Foo.scala # generate .
                    class
                    files
                    $ scalap Foo # display
                    class
                    $ scalap Foo$ # display
                    object


                    //
                    - display bytecode as seen from java
                    
                    $ javap Foo # display
                    class
                    $ javap Foo$ # display
                    object

                    //
                    -- more case class examples
                    
                    case
                    class
                    Point
                    (
                    x
                    :
                    Int
                    ,
                    y
                    :
                    Int
                    )
                    //
                    - updating case class instances using copy and named parameters
                    
                    val
                    p
                    = Point(1,2)
                    val
                    q
                    = p.copy( y = 100 )
                    p.x == q.x
                    p.y == 2
                    q.y == 100
                    //
                    -- match by structure
                    
                    case
                    class
                    Line
                    (
                    p
                    :
                    Point
                    ,
                    q
                    :
                    Point
                    )
                    val
                    p1
                    = Point(10,10)
                    val
                    p2
                    = Point(10,100)
                    val
                    l
                    = Line(p1,p2)
                    //
                    - extract point coordinates of the line
                    
                    val
                    s
                    = l
                    match
                    {
                    case
                    Line
                    (
                    Point
                    (
                    x1
                    ,
                    y1
                    ),
                    Point
                    (
                    
                    x2
                    ,
                    y2
                    ) ) => x1 +
                    ","
                    + y1 +
                    " - "
                    + x2 +
                    ", "
                    + y2
                    }
                    //
                    - using @ to capture a object and using _ as joker
                    
                    val
                    s
                    = l
                    match
                    {
                    case
                    Line
                    (
                    _
                    ,
                    q@
                    Point
                    (
                    x2
                    ,
                    
                    y2
                    ) ) => q
                    }
                    //
                    
                        --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- extractors
                    
                    //
                    -- unapply can return the following
                    
                    //
                    - Boolean -- only match no extraction
                    
                    //
                    - Option[T] -- match and extract
                    
                    //
                    - Option[(T1,..,Tn)] -- match and extract as tupel
                    
                    //
                    - Option[Seq[T]] -- match and extract as list
                    
                    //
                     Extractor which converts the string to an Int if possible.
                    
                    object
                    AsInt
                    {
                    def
                    unapply
                    (
                    s
                    :
                    
                    String
                    ):
                    Option[Int]
                    =
                    try
                    { Some(s.toInt) }
                    catch
                    {
                    case
                    _
                    => None }}
                    "77"
                    match
                    {
                    case
                    AsInt
                    (
                    n
                    ) => println(n) ;
                    case
                    _
                    => println(
                    "nothing"
                    ) }
                    //
                    - Extractor Sequence
                    
                    object
                    Slashes
                    {
                    def
                    unapply
                    (
                    s
                    :
                    String
                    ) :
                    Option[List[String]]
                    = Some(s.split(
                    "/"
                    ).toList) }
                    "a/b/c"
                    match
                    {
                    case
                    Slashes
                    (
                    x::y::_
                    ) => List(x,y) }
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- sealed case class
                    
                    //
                    - all case classes in one file extending one common sealed abstract class
                    
                    sealed
                    abstract
                    class
                    Thing
                    case
                    class
                    Foo
                    ()
                    extends
                    Thing
                    case
                    class
                    Bar
                    ()
                    extends
                    Thing

                    //
                    - compiler warning if some cases are missing
                    
                    def
                    f
                    (
                    x
                    :
                    Thing
                    ) :
                    String
                    = x
                    match
                    {
                    case
                    Foo
                    () =>
                    "foo"
                    }
                    //
                    <console>:10: warning: match is not exhaustive!
                    
                    //
                    missing combination Bar
                    
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- traits
                    
                    //
                    - like java interfaces or haskell type classes
                    
                    //
                    - can have members and implementation
                    
                    //
                    - one type can be extends multiple traits
                    
                    trait
                    Color
                    {
                    private
                    var
                    _color
                    :
                    Int
                    = 1
                    def
                    color
                    = _color
                    def
                    color_
                    (
                    c
                    :
                    Int
                    ) = {
                    this
                    ._color = c }
                    }
                    trait
                    Center
                    {
                    private
                    var
                    _center
                    :
                    (Int,Int)
                    = (0,0)
                    def
                    center
                    = _center
                    def
                    center_
                    = (c : (Int,Int)) = { _center = c }
                    //
                    tuple extraction: (10,20)._1 == 10 and (10,20)._2 == 20 and
                    
                    def
                    moveBy
                    (
                    p
                    :
                    (Int, Int)
                    ) = { _center = (_center._1 + p._1, _center._2 + p._2) ;
                    this
                    }
                    }
                    class
                    Shape
                    extends
                    Center
                    with
                    Color
                    {
                    override
                    def
                    toString
                    =
                    "color: "
                    + color +
                    " center: "
                    + center
                    }
                    val
                    s
                    =
                    new
                    Shape

                    s.center
                    s.color
                    s.color = 0
                    s moveby (10,10)
                    s.center
                    s.color
                    //
                    - Traits can be mixed in dynamicly
                    
                    class
                    Thing
                    new
                    Thing
                    with
                    Color
                    with
                    Center

                    //
                    - Traits can be used as interceptors
                    
                    trait
                    LoggableCenter
                    extends
                    Center
                    {
                    override
                    def
                    moveBy
                    (
                    p
                    :
                    (Int,Int)
                    ) = { println(
                    "moved by "
                    + p) ;
                    super
                    .moveBy(p) }
                    }
                    class
                    Shape
                    extends
                    LoggableCenter
                    with
                    Color
                    {
                    override
                    def
                    toString
                    =
                    "color: "
                    + color +
                    " center: "
                    + center
                    }
                    //
                    - Traits can have contracts
                    
                    trait
                    ColorPrinter
                    {
                    def
                    color
                    : Int
                    //
                    contract method
                    
                    def
                    print = { println(
                    "color = "
                    + color)}
                    }
                    val
                    s2
                    =
                    new
                    Shape
                    with
                    ColorPrinter
                    s2.print
                    new
                    Thing
                    with
                    Center
                    with
                    ColorPrinter
                    //
                    error: object creation impossible, no method color ...
                    
                    //
                    
                        =================================================================================
                    
                    //
                    = ADVANCED TOPICS and STANDARD API EXAMPLES
                    
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- implicit parameters
                    
                    implicit
                    val
                    e
                    =
                    "UTF8"
                    def
                    openFile
                    (
                    filename
                    :
                    String
                    )(
                    implicit
                    encoding
                    :
                    String
                    ) = println(
                    "encoding="
                    + encoding)
                    openFile(
                    "tmp.txt"
                    )
                    //
                    - implicit parameter are resolved by type and not by name !!
                    
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- regexp
                    
                    //
                    - Quoted multiline-string with """ """
                    
                    """\d\.\d"""
                    .r findFirstIn
                    "Version 9.1"
                    //
                    == Some("9.1")
                    
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- xml
                    
                    val
                    x
                    = <dir name=
                    "home"
                    ><file name=
                    
                    "a.txt"
                    /><file name=
                    "b.txt"
                    /> </dir>

                    x \\
                    "dir"
                    \
                    "@name"
                    text
                    x \\
                    "file"
                    \\
                    "@name"
                    map (_.text)
                    //
                    -- construct xml using process api (see below), examples only works in unix
                        like enviroment
                    
                    import
                    sys.process._
                    //
                    - find files in current dir and convert to string list
                    
                    val
                    s
                    = (
                    "find ."
                    #|
                    "grep -v .hg"
                    lines_! ) toList
                    //
                    - construct a dir xml node with file nodes using file list s
                    
                    val
                    x
                    = <dir name=
                    "hal6"
                    >{s map {f => <file name={f}/> } } </dir>
                    //
                    - format the nodes
                    
                    new
                    scala.xml.PrettyPrinter(80,2).formatNodes(x)
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- process api (>= 2.9)
                    
                    import
                    sys.process._
                    import
                    java.io.File
                    "find ."
                    #|
                    "grep -v .svn"
                    #>
                    new
                    File(
                    "files.txt"
                    ) !
                    "echo test"
                    #>
                    new
                    File(
                    "test2.txt"
                    ) !
                    "ls "
                    !
                    "cat "
                    #<
                    new
                    File(
                    "test.txt"
                    ) #>
                    new
                    File(
                    "test-dir/test2.txt"
                    ) !
                    val
                    logger
                    = ProcessLogger((o: String) => println(
                    "out "
                    + o),(e: String) => println(
                    "err "
                    + e))
                    "ls . "
                    ! logger
                    "ls with err "
                    ! logger
                    "find ."
                    !
                    "find ."
                    #|
                    "grep test2"
                    ! logger
                    //
                    - ! - runs process (ProcessLogger gets output as tupple std err)
                    
                    //
                    - #< redirect from stdin(File)
                    
                    //
                    - #> redirect to stdout(File)
                    
                    //
                    - #| shell pipe
                    
                    //
                    - !! output as one (multline) String
                    
                    //
                    - lines_! as Stream, convert to String list with toList
                    
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- implement a cd command using implicit tricks
                    
                    //
                    - see http://www.scala-lang.org/node/10985
                    
                    //
                    
                        =================================================================================
                    
                    //
                    = TYPES, PACKAGES and VISIBILITY
                    
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- type hierarchy
                    
                    //
                    -
                        http://joelabrahamsson.com/entry/learning-scala-type-hierarchy-and-object-equality
                    
                    //
                    - purely object oriented typ system
                    
                    //
                    - two kinds of types: value und reference
                    
                    //
                    - Any is parent of all classes
                    
                    //
                    - Nothing is child of all classes
                    
                    //
                    - AnyRef is used as parent for Java objects
                    
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- packages definition and imports
                    
                    //
                    - copy and paste (from BEGIN to END) into scala file PackageExample.scala
                    
                    //
                    BEGIN of PackageExample.scala
                    
                    package
                    de {
                    package
                    ibacg {
                    class
                    Bar
                    }
                    }
                    ////
                    same as above
                        //package de;
                        //package ibacg;
                        //class Bar

                    
                    //
                    - extending above package with new class and object
                    
                    package
                    de.ibacg {
                    class
                    Bar2
                    object
                    Constants
                    {
                    val
                    pi
                    = 22 / 7; }
                    }
                    //
                    - _root_ to access package root
                    
                    package
                    b {
                    class
                    B
                    }

                    package
                    a.b {
                    class
                    A
                    {
                    val
                    x
                    =
                    new
                    _root_.b.B() } }
                    //
                    - imports
                    
                    object
                    PackageExample
                    {
                    //
                    local import
                    
                    {
                    import
                    de.ibacg.Bar;
                    new
                    Bar
                    import
                    de.ibacg.Bar2;
                    new
                    Bar2
                    }
                    {
                    import
                    de.ibacg.{Bar,Bar2}
                    new
                    Bar ;
                    new
                    Bar2 ; Constants.pi
                    }
                    {
                    import
                    de.ibacg._
                    new
                    Bar ;
                    new
                    Bar2 ; Constants.pi
                    }
                    {
                    import
                    de._;
                    import
                    ibacg.Bar;
                    new
                    Bar
                    }
                    {
                    //
                    local import of members
                    
                    import
                    de.ibacg.Constants._
                    println(pi)
                    }
                    //
                    error here: println(pi)
                    
                    {
                    //
                    renaming of imported things
                    
                    import
                    scala.collection.immutable.{Map => ImmutableMap}
                    import
                    scala.collection.mutable.{Map => MutableMap}
                    ImmutableMap(1 -> 2)
                    MutableMap(3 -> 4)
                    }
                    }
                    //
                    END of PackageExample.scala
                    
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- Predef & default imports
                    
                    //
                    - the packages scala, Predef, java.lang are automatically imported
                    
                    //
                    - e.g. includes conversions (boxing/unboxing)
                    
                    //
                    - and defaults for immutable collections like Map(), List(), Set()
                    
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- visibility
                    
                    //
                    - public is default
                    
                    //
                    - private member only in current scope and companion visible
                    
                    //
                    - private[this] and private[de.ibacg.service.impl]
                    
                    //
                    - protected only visible in subclasses and companion/companions of subclasses
                    
                    //
                    - protected[this] and protected[de.ibacg.service.impl]
                    

                    //
                    
                        =================================================================================
                    
                    //
                    = COMPILING and BUILDTOOL
                    
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- Hello World and compiling
                    
                    //
                    - App trait is used since scala 2.8
                    
                    //
                    - finish input to cat with CTRL-D
                    
                    $ cat >> HelloWorld.scala
                    object
                    HelloWorld
                    extends
                    App
                    {
                    println(
                    "Hello World!"
                    )
                    }

                    CTRL-D
                    //
                    - calling the compiler
                    
                    $ scalac HelloWorld.scala
                    //
                    - starting the compiled program
                    
                    $ scala HelloWorld
                    Hello World!
                    //
                    - starting in interpreter
                    
                    $ scala -cp .
                    HelloWorld.main(
                    new
                    Array(0))
                    //
                    
                        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    
                    //
                    -- SBT - Simple Build Tool (version >= 0.10)
                    
                    //
                    - installation instruction https://github.com/harrah/xsbt/wiki/Setup
                    
                    //
                    - convert to sbt
                    
                    //
                    move files to maven style layout and clean up class-files
                    
                    $ mkdir -p src/main/scala
                    $ mv *.scala src/main/scala
                    $ rm *.
                    class

                    //
                    - create build file
                    
                    $ cat >> build.sbt
                    name := HelloWorld
                    //
                    after an property insert empty line or ;
                    
                    version := 0.1
                    //
                    scalaVersion := "2.9.1"
                    
                    //
                    libraryDependencies += "junit" % "junit" % "4.8" % "test"
                    
                    CTRL-D
                    //
                    - sbt tasks (ctrl-c or ctrl-d to cancel)
                    
                    $ sbt compile # compile project assuming standard maven layout
                    $ sbt ~compile # compile and watch src dirs
                    for
                    changes
                    $ sbt ~run # run the main; recompile and run after changes in source files
                    $ sbt console # start interpreter
                    with
                    current
                    project
                    on
                    class
                    path